What baseball team was "To Kill a Mockingbird" writer Harper Lee known for supporting?

American novelist

Harper Lee
Portrait from the showtime edition of To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) (photo by Truman Capote)
Born	Nelle Harper Lee (1926-04-28)Apr 28, 1926 Monroeville, Alabama, U.S.
Died	Feb nineteen, 2016(2016-02-19) (aged 89) Monroeville, Alabama, U.S.
Occupation	Novelist
Education	Academy of Alabama
Menstruation	1960–2016
Genre	Literature fiction
Literary movement	Southern Gothic
Notable works	To Kill a Mockingbird Become Set a Watchman
Signature

Nelle Harper Lee (Apr 28, 1926 – February 19, 2016) was an American novelist best known for her 1960 novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and has become a classic of modern American literature. Lee has received numerous accolades and honorary degrees, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007 which was awarded for her contribution to literature.^{[1] [2] [iii]} She assisted her close friend Truman Capote in his research for the book In Cold Blood (1966).^[4] Capote was the basis for the graphic symbol Dill Harris in To Kill a Mockingbird.^[v]

The plot and characters of To Impale a Mockingbird are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 when she was ten. The novel deals with the irrationality of developed attitudes towards race and grade in the Deep Southward of the 1930s, as depicted through the eyes of 2 children. It was inspired past racist attitudes in her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. Go Set a Watchman, written in the mid-1950s, was published in July 2015 equally a sequel to Mockingbird, just after confirmed to be an earlier draft of Mockingbird.^{[half dozen] [7] [eight]}

Early on life

Nelle Harper Lee was born on Apr 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama^[ix] where she grew upwardly every bit the youngest of four children of Frances Cunningham (née Finch) and Amasa Coleman Lee.^[ten] Her parents chose her middle name, Harper, to honor pediatrician Dr. William W. Harper, of Selma, who saved the life of her sis Louise.^[xi] Her showtime proper name, Nelle, was her grandmother'southward name spelled backwards and the name she used,^[12] Harper Lee, was primarily her pen name.^[12] Lee's mother was a homemaker; her father, a former newspaper editor, businessman and lawyer, also served in the Alabama State Legislature from 1926 to 1938. Through her father, she was a relative of Confederate General Robert E. Lee and a fellow member of the prominent Lee family.^{[13] [xiv]} Earlier A.C. Lee became a title lawyer, he in one case defended 2 black men accused of murdering a white storekeeper. Both clients, a father, and son, were hanged.^[15]

Lee had three siblings: Alice Finch Lee (1911–2014),^[xvi] Louise Lee Conner (1916–2009), and Edwin Lee (1920–1951).^[17] Although Nelle remained in contact with her significantly older sisters throughout their lives, only her brother was close enough in age to play with, though she grew closer with Truman Capote (1924–1984), who visited family in Monroeville during the summers from 1928 until 1934.^[eighteen]

While enrolled at Monroe County High Schoolhouse, Lee developed an interest in English literature, in part considering teacher Gladys Watson became her mentor. After graduating from high school in 1944,^[10] like her eldest sister Alice Finch Lee, Nelle attended the then all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery for a twelvemonth, then transferred to the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, where she studied constabulary for several years. Nelle Lee likewise wrote for the academy newspaper and a humor magazine, but to her male parent'southward great disappointment, left 1 semester before completing the credit hours necessary for a caste.^{[19] [twenty]} In the summer of 1948, Lee attended a summer school program, "European Civilisation in the Twentieth Century", at Oxford University in England, financed by her father, who hoped—in vain, as it turned out—that the experience would make her more interested in her legal studies in Tuscaloosa.^[21]

To Kill a Mockingbird

I never expected any sort of success with Mockingbird. I was hoping for a quick and merciful expiry at the hands of the reviewers, only at the same time I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some means this was just about as frightening equally the quick, merciful decease I'd expected.

—Harper Lee, quoted in Newquist, 1964^[22]

In 1949, Lee moved to New York Metropolis and took jobs — kickoff at a bookstore, and then equally an airline reservation agent — while writing in her spare time.^[23] After publishing several long stories, Lee found an agent in November 1956; Maurice Crain would get a friend until his decease decades afterwards. The following month, at Michael Dark-brown's Eastward 50th Street townhouse, friends gave Lee a gift of a yr'due south wages with a notation: "Yous have one twelvemonth off from your task to write any you delight. Merry Christmas."^[24]

Origin

The first edition cover for To Kill a Mockingbird

In the jump of 1957, a 31-twelvemonth-old Lee delivered the manuscript for Become Gear up a Watchman to Crain to send out to publishers, including the now-defunct J. B. Lippincott Company, which eventually bought it.^[25] At Lippincott, the novel savage into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey—known professionally as Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed. "[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line", she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott.^[25] Only as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. Information technology was, as she described it, "more a serial of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel".^[25] During the next couple of years, she led Lee from 1 draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished class and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.^[25] Meanwhile, interest in racial relations in the South had increased nationally equally the U.S. Supreme Court had issued its school desegregation decisions in Brownish v. Board of Teaching in 1954, and the civil rights movement as well as the segregationist "massive resistance" strategy fabricated headlines across the nation.^{[ citation needed ]}

Like many unpublished authors, Lee was unsure of her talents. "I was a first-time writer, so I did equally I was told," Lee said in a statement in 2015 well-nigh the development from Watchman to Mockingbird.^[25] Hohoff later described the process in Lippincott's corporate history: "After a couple of false starts, the story-line, interplay of characters, and autumn of accent grew clearer, and with each revision—there were many minor changes as the story grew in strength and in her own vision of it—the truthful stature of the novel became axiomatic." (In 1978, Lippincott was acquired by Harper & Row, which became HarperCollins which published Watchman in 2015.)^[25] Hohoff described the give and accept between author and editor: "When she disagreed with a suggestion, we talked information technology out, sometimes for hours" ... "And sometimes she came effectually to my way of thinking, sometimes I to hers, sometimes the discussion would open up an entirely new line of land."^[25]

External video
After Words interview with Shields on Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee, July 11, 2015, C-SPAN

One winter night, as Charles J. Shields recounts in Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee, Lee threw her manuscript out her window and into the snow, before calling Hohoff in tears. Shields recollected that "Tay told her to march outside immediately and pick up the pages".^[25]

When the novel was finally ready, the author opted to use the proper name "Harper Lee" rather than risk having her first proper name Nelle exist misidentified equally "Nellie".^[26]

Published July 11, 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was an immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961. It remains a bestseller, with more than 40 million copies in impress. In 1999, it was voted "Best Novel of the Century" in a poll by the Library Journal.^[27]

Autobiographical details in the novel

Like Lee, the tomboy Lookout man in the novel is the daughter of a respected small-town Alabama attorney. Scout's friend, Dill, was inspired by Lee'south childhood friend and neighbor, Truman Capote;^[xv] Lee, in plough, is the model for a graphic symbol in Capote's offset novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms, published in 1948. Although the plot of Lee's novel involves an unsuccessful legal defense similar to ane undertaken by her attorney male parent, the 1931 landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial rape instance may likewise take helped to shape Lee's social conscience.^[28]

While Lee herself downplayed autobiographical parallels in the book, Truman Capote, mentioning the character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, described details he considered autobiographical: "In my original version of Other Voices, Other Rooms I had that same man living in the house that used to leave things in the copse, and then I took that out. He was a real man, and he lived but down the road from us. We used to become and get those things out of the copse. Everything she wrote most it is absolutely true. But you see, I take the same affair and transfer it into some Gothic dream, done in an entirely different way."^[29]

After To Kill a Mockingbird

Heart years

For xl years, Lee lived part-time at 433 East 82nd Street in Manhattan, near her childhood friend Capote.^[thirty] His beginning novel, the semi-autobiographical Other Voices, Other Rooms had been published in 1948; a decade later Capote published Breakfast at Tiffany'due south, which became a moving-picture show, musical and two phase plays. As the To Kill a Mockingbird manuscript went into publication production in 1959, Lee accompanied Capote to Holcomb, Kansas, to help him research what they thought would be an article on a small town's response to the murder of a farmer and his family unit. Capote would expand the material into his best-selling volume, In Cold Blood, serialized beginning in September 1965 and published in 1966.^[31]

To Kill a Mockingbird officially appeared in public on July xi, 1960, and Lee began a whirlwind of publicity tours, etc., which she found difficult given her penchant for privacy and many interviewers' characterization of the work as a "coming-of-age story".^{[32] [33]} As the book (virtually racial relations in the 1930s) progressed through the product process, racial tensions in the South had increased. The Montgomery bus boycott occurred in 1955–1956, and students at North Carolina A&T University staged the beginning demonstration months before publication. As the book became a best seller, Freedom Riders arrived in Alabama and were beaten in Anniston and Birmingham. Meanwhile, To Kill a Mockingbird won the 1961 Pulitzer prize for fiction and the 1961 Brotherhood Honor from the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and became a Reader's Digest Book Club condensed option and an alternate Volume of the Month Club selection.^[34]

Lee helped with the adaption of the book to the 1962 Academy Award–winning screenplay by Horton Foote, and said: "I think information technology is i of the best translations of a volume to film ever made."^[35] She too escorted lead role player Gregory Peck around town.^{[ commendation needed ]} Peck won an Oscar for his portrayal of Atticus Finch, the male parent of the novel'south narrator, Scout. The families became shut; Peck'southward grandson, Harper Peck Voll, is named subsequently her.^[36]

Lee tried to answer personally correspondence from fans, only soon began receiving more than than sixty letters daily and realized the demands on her time were too great. Her sister Alice became her lawyer, and Lee obtained an unlisted phone number to reduce distractions from many people seeking interviews or public appearances.^{[ citation needed ]} From the fourth dimension of the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird until her death in 2016, Lee granted almost no requests for interviews or public appearances and, with the exception of a few short essays, published nothing further until 2015. She did work on a follow-upwardly novel—The Long Goodbye—just somewhen filed it away unfinished.

Lee causeless pregnant intendance responsibilities for her begetter, who was thrilled with her success, and even began signing autographs as "Atticus Finch".^[32] Nonetheless, his wellness worsened and he died in Alabama on April fifteen, 1962. Lee decided to spend more time in New York City every bit she mourned. Over the decades, her friend Capote had adopted a decadent lifestyle, which contrasted with Lee's preference for a quiet, more bearding existence. Lee preferred to visit friends at their homes (though she came to altitude herself from those who criticized her drinking),^[32] and also fabricated unannounced appearances at libraries or other gatherings, peculiarly in Monroeville.^[38]

In January 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Lee to the National Quango on the Arts.^[39]

Lee also realized that her book had become controversial, especially with segregationists and other opponents of the civil rights movement. In 1966, Lee wrote a letter of the alphabet to the editor in response to the attempts of a Richmond, Virginia, area school board to ban To Kill a Mockingbird every bit "immoral literature":

Surely it is plainly to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and acquit, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners. To hear that the novel is 'immoral' has made me count the years between at present and 1984, for I take yet to come across a improve example of doublethink.^[15]

James J. Kilpatrick, editor of The Richmond News Leader, started the Beadle Bumble fund to pay fines for victims of what he termed "despots on the demote". He built the fund using contributions from readers and later used information technology to defend books as well as people. Afterward the board in Richmond ordered schools to dispose of all copies of To Kill a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, "A more moral novel scarcely could be imagined." In the proper noun of the Beadle Bumble fund, he then offered free copies to children who wrote in, and past the terminate of the first week, he had given abroad 81 copies.^[40]

Beginning in 1978, with her sisters' encouragement, Lee returned to Alabama and began a book nigh an Alabama series murderer and the trial of his killer in Alexander City, under the working championship The Reverend, but also put it aside when she was not satisfied.^[41] When Lee attended the 1983 Alabama History and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, equally her sister had bundled, she presented the essay "Romance and High Adventure".^[42]

2005–2014

In March 2005, Lee arrived in Philadelphia—her offset trip to the city since signing with publisher Lippincott in 1960—to receive the countdown ATTY Honor for positive depictions of attorneys in the arts from the Spector Gadon & Rosen Foundation.^[43] At the urging of Peck's widow, Veronique Peck, Lee traveled by railroad train from Monroeville to Los Angeles in 2005 to accept the Los Angeles Public Library Literary Award.^[44] She also attended luncheons for students who have written essays based on her work, held annually at the University of Alabama.^{[35] [45]} On May 21, 2006, she accustomed an honorary degree from the University of Notre Matriarch, where graduating seniors saluted her with copies of To Kill a Mockingbird during the ceremony.^[46]

On May seven, 2006, Lee wrote a letter to Oprah Winfrey (published in O, The Oprah Magazine in July 2006) about her dearest of books as a kid and her dedication to the written word: "Now, 75 years later in an abundant society where people have laptops, cell phones, iPods and minds like empty rooms, I still plod along with books."^[47]

While attending an August 20, 2007, ceremony inducting four members into the Alabama Academy of Honor, Lee declined an invitation to accost the audience, saying: "Well, it's better to be silent than to exist a fool."^{[48] [49]}

Lee being awarded the Presidential Medal of Liberty, November five, 2007

On November 5, 2007, George W. Bush-league presented Lee with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This is the highest noncombatant award in the Us and recognizes individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors".^{[fifty] [51]}

In 2010, President Barack Obama awarded Lee the National Medal of Arts, the highest award given past the The states government for "outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, back up and availability of the arts".^[52]

In a 2011 interview with an Australian paper, Rev. Dr. Thomas Lane Butts said Lee was living in an assisted-living facility, was using a wheelchair, partially blind and deaf, and suffering from retentivity loss. Butts also shared that Lee told him why she never wrote over again: "Two reasons: one, I wouldn't go through the pressure and publicity I went through with To Impale a Mockingbird for any amount of money. Second, I have said what I wanted to say, and I volition not say it over again."^[53]

On May 3, 2013, Lee filed a lawsuit in the United States Commune Courtroom to regain the copyright to To Kill a Mockingbird, seeking unspecified damages from a son-in-police force of her erstwhile literary agent and related entities. Lee claimed that the man "engaged in a scheme to gull" her into assigning him the copyright on the book in 2007 when her hearing and eyesight were in decline, and she was residing in an assisted-living facility later having suffered a stroke.^{[54] [55] [56]} In September 2013, attorneys for both sides announced a settlement of the lawsuit.^[57]

In February 2014, Lee settled a lawsuit against the Monroe County Heritage Museum for an undisclosed amount. The arrange declared that the museum had used her proper name and the title To Kill a Mockingbird to promote itself and to sell souvenirs without her consent.^{[58] [59]} Lee's attorneys had filed a trademark awarding on Baronial 19, 2013, to which the museum filed an opposition. This prompted Lee'southward chaser to file a lawsuit on October 15 that same year, "which takes issue the museum's website and gift shop, which it accuses of 'palming off its appurtenances', including T-shirts, coffee mugs other diverse trinkets with Mockingbird brands."^[lx]

2015: Go Set a Watchman

Co-ordinate to Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter, following an initial meeting to assess Lee'southward assets in 2011, she re-examined Lee'due south condom-eolith box in 2014 and found the manuscript for Get Set a Watchman. After contacting Lee and reading the manuscript, she passed it on to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg.^{[61] [62]}

On Feb 3, 2015, it was announced that HarperCollins would publish Go Set a Watchman,^[63] which includes versions of many of the characters in To Impale a Mockingbird. According to a HarperCollins press release, information technology was originally thought that the Watchman manuscript was lost.^[64] According to Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to exist the beginning volume of a trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird commencement, Watchman final, and a shorter connecting novel between the two."^[65]

Jonathan Mahler's account in The New York Times of how Watchman was only always really considered to be the first draft of Mockingbird makes this assertion seem unlikely.^[25] Bear witness where the same passages exist in both books, in many cases word for word, also farther refutes this exclamation.^[66]

The book was met with controversy ^[6] when it was published in July 2015 equally a sequel to To Kill a Mockingbird. Although it had been confirmed as a first draft of the latter with many narrative incongruities, it was repackaged and released as a completely separate piece of work.^[6] The book is prepare some 20 years after the time period depicted in Mockingbird, when Scout returns equally an developed from New York to visit her begetter in Maycomb, Alabama.^[67] It alludes to Lookout's view of her begetter, Atticus Finch, every bit the moral compass ("watchman") of Maycomb,^[68] and, co-ordinate to the publisher, how she finds upon her render to Maycomb, that she "is forced to grapple with issues both personal and political as she tries to empathize her father'due south attitude toward social club and her ain feelings nearly the identify where she was born and spent her babyhood."^[69]

Non all reviewers had a harsh stance about the publication of the sequel book. Michiko Kakutani in Books of The Times article^[70] found that the book "makes for agonizing reading" when Scout is shocked to find... that her beloved male parent... has been affiliating with raving anti-integration, anti-blackness crazies, and the reader shares her horror and confusion... Though it lacks the lyricism... the portions of "Watchman" dealing with Lookout's childhood and her developed romance with Henry capture the daily rhythms of life in a modest town and are peppered with portraits of modest characters" and she mentioned that "Students of writing will find 'Watchman' fascinating." While not fully praising the book she found the publication of "Watchman" an important stepping stone in understanding Harper Lee's work.^[lxx]

The publication of the novel (appear past Lee'due south lawyer) raised concerns over why Lee, who for 55 years had maintained that she would never write some other volume, would suddenly cull to publish again. In February 2015, the State of Alabama, through its Man Resources Department, launched an investigation into whether Lee was competent enough to consent to the publishing of Go Set a Watchman.^[12] The investigation found that the claims of coercion and elder abuse were unfounded,^[71] and, according to Lee'south lawyer, Lee was "happy every bit hell" with the publication.^[72]

External video
Discussion with Marja Mills on The Mockingbird Next Door, July 23, 2014, C-SPAN

This characterization, however, was contested by many of Lee's friends.^{[6] [73] [74]} Marja Mills, author of The Mockingbird Adjacent Door: Life with Harper Lee, a friend and former neighbor, painted a very dissimilar picture.^[75] In her piece for The Washington Postal service, "The Harper Lee I Knew",^[73] she quoted Alice—Lee'south sis, whom she described as "gatekeeper, advisor, protector" for nearly of Lee's adult life—as saying, "Poor Nelle Harper can't run across and tin can't hear and will sign anything put before her by anyone in whom she has conviction." She made note that Watchman was announced but two and a half months later Alice's death^[76] and that all correspondence to and from Lee went through her new attorney. She described Lee as "in a wheelchair in an assisted living eye, nearly deaf and blind, with a uniformed guard posted at the door" and her visitors "restricted to those on an approved list."^[73]

The New York Times columnist Joe Nocera continued this statement.^[vi] He too took issue with how the book had been promoted by the "Murdoch Empire" as a newly discovered novel and that the manuscript had been brought to light past Tonja B. Carter, who worked in Alice Lee'due south law role and became Lee's "new protector"-- lawyer, trustee, and spokesperson^[77] -- after her sis Alice's death.^[78] Nocera noted that other people in a 2011 Sotheby's coming together^[79] insisted that Lee'due south attorney was present in 2011, when Lee's former amanuensis (who was subsequently fired) and the Sotheby'due south specialist found the manuscript. They said she knew full well that information technology was the aforementioned 1 submitted to Tay Hohoff in the 1950s that was reworked into Mockingbird, and that Carter had been sitting on the discovery, waiting for the moment when she, and not Alice, would be in charge of Harper Lee'south affairs.^[6]

The authorship of both "To Kill a Mockingbird" and "Go Set a Watchman" was investigated with the help of forensic linguistics and stylometry. In a study conducted past three Polish academics, Michał Choiński, Maciej Edera and Jan Rybicki, the authorial fingerprints of Lee, Hohoff and Capote were contrasted to prove that "To Kill a Mockingbird" and "Get Set up a Watchman" were both written by the same person.^[80] However, their study as well suggests that Capote could accept helped Lee with the writing of the opening capacity of "To Impale a Mockingbird".^[81]

Expiry

Lee died in her sleep on the morning of February 19, 2016, anile 89.^{[82] [83]} Prior to her death, she lived in Monroeville, Alabama.^[84] On February 20, her funeral was held at First United Methodist Church in Monroeville.^[85] The service was attended past close family and friends, and the eulogy was given by Wayne Flynt.^[86]

After her death, The New York Times filed a lawsuit that argued that since Lee's volition was filed in a probate court in Alabama that information technology should be part of the public record. They argued that wills filed in a probate court are considered office of the public record, and that Lee's should follow conform.^[87]

Fictional portrayals

Harper Lee was portrayed by Catherine Keener in the film Capote (2005), by Sandra Bullock in the motion picture Infamous (2006), and by Tracey Hoyt in the Boob tube moving-picture show Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story (1998).^[88] In the adaptation of Truman Capote'south novel Other Voices, Other Rooms (1995), the character of Idabel Thompkins, who was inspired by Capote'due south memories of Lee as a child, was played past Aubrey Dollar.^[89]

Works

Books

• To Impale a Mockingbird (1960)
• Get Set a Watchman (2015)

Articles

• "Love—In Other Words". Vogue. Apr fifteen, 1961. pp. 64–65.
• "Christmas to Me". McCall's. December 1961.
• "When Children Find America". McCall'south. Baronial 1965.
• "Romance and High Adventure". 1983. A paper presented in Eufaula, Alabama, and collected in the anthology Clearings in the Thicket (1985).
• "Open alphabetic character to Oprah Winfrey". O, The Oprah Mag. July 2006.

See too

• Alabama literature
• Casey Cep

References

1. ^ "President Bush-league Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients" (Printing release). The White Business firm. November 5, 2007.
2. ^ "Harper Lee, Author Of 'To Kill A Mockingbird,' Dies At Age 89". NPR.org . Retrieved June 18, 2021.
3. ^ "Notre Dame issues statement virtually passing of Harper Lee, shares video". ABC57 . Retrieved June 18, 2021.
4. ^ Harris, Paul (May iv, 2013). "Harper Lee sues agent over copyright to To Kill A Mockingbird". The Guardian.
5. ^ Langer, Emily (Feb 19, 2016). "Harper Lee, elusive author of 'To Impale a Mockingbird,' is expressionless at 89". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February xix, 2016.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Nocera, Joe (July 24, 2015). "The Harper Lee 'Go Set up A Watchman' Fraud". The New York Times . Retrieved December 15, 2015.
7. ^ Oldenburg, Ann (Feb 3, 2015). "New Harper Lee novel on the way!". USA Today . Retrieved Feb 3, 2015.
8. ^ Change, Alexandra (February 3, 2015). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Is to Publish a 2d Novel". The New York Times . Retrieved February three, 2015.
9. ^ Grimes, William (February nineteen, 2016). "Harper Lee, Writer of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". The New York Times . Retrieved February xix, 2016.
10. ^ ^{a b} Anderson, Nancy G. (March xix, 2007). "Nelle Harper Lee". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University at Montgomery. Retrieved Nov 3, 2010.
11. ^ Mills, Marja (2014). The Mockingbird Next Door: Life with Harper Lee. Penguin. p. 181. ISBN9780698163836.
12. ^ ^{a b c} Kovaleski, Serge (March 11, 2015). "Harper Lee's Status Debated by Friends, Fans and At present State of Alabama". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
13. ^ "Harper Lee Before 'To Kill a Mockingbird'".
14. ^ "Who is Harper Lee?".
15. ^ ^{a b c} Shields, Charles J. (2006). Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee . Henry Holt and Co. ISBN9780805083194 . Retrieved February nineteen, 2016.
16. ^ Woo, Elaine (November 22, 2014). "Lawyer Alice Lee dies at 103; sis of 'To Kill a Mockingbird' author". Los Angeles Times.
17. ^ "Louise L. Conner Obituary". The Gainesville Sun.
18. ^ Nancy Grisham Anderson, "Harper Lee: 'To Kill a Mockingbird' and 'A Proficient Woman's Words,'" p. 334 et seq. in Susan Ashmore, Dorr Youngblood and Lisa Lindquist, Alabama Women: Their Lives and University of Alabama Printing 2017
19. ^ Anderson pp. 335–336
20. ^ Cep, Casey (2019). Furious Hours: Murder, Fraud, and the Concluding Trial of Harper Lee. Knopf. ISBN9781101947869. folio cites unavailable in audiobook version
21. ^ "Harper Lee'due south Oxford Summer," Department of Continuing Instruction, Oxford University: unsigned commodity is as well undated, but written after publication of Become Set a Watchman; accessed December 12, 2016.
22. ^ Newquist, Roy, ed. (1964). Counterpoint. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN1-111-80499-0.
23. ^ Anderson p. 336
24. ^ Lee, Harper (December 12, 2015). "Harper Lee: my Christmas in New York" – via www.theguardian.com.
25. ^ ^{a b c d east f g h i} Mahler, Jonathan (July 12, 2015). "The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee's 'To Kill A Mockingbird'". The New York Times . Retrieved December xv, 2015.
26. ^ Maslin, Janet (June 8, 2006). "A Biography of Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird'". The New York Times . Retrieved November 30, 2014.
27. ^ "1960, To Impale a Mockingbird". PBS. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
28. ^ Johnson, Claudia Durst (1994). To Impale a Mockingbird: Threatening Boundaries. Twayne.
29. ^ Nance, William (1970). The Worlds of Truman Capote. New York: Stein & Mean solar day. p. 223.
30. ^ Oleksinski, Johnny. Observe out if New York's greatest writers lived next door. The New York Post Apr 14, 2017, https://nypost.com/2017/04/fourteen/notice-out-if-new-yorks-greatest-writers-lived-adjacent-door/ Accessed April 14, 2017
31. ^ McAvoy, Gary (September 24, 2019). "The Origins of In Cold Blood, a Archetype Tale of an Iconic American Crime". Medium . Retrieved February xix, 2021. Serialized in 4 consecutive issues of The New Yorker magazine showtime September 25, 1965, "In Cold Blood" was a huge awareness, selling out all copies published. By Jan 1966, the critical reviews were so strong that the initial print run of some 240,000 hardcover copies flew off the shelves.
32. ^ ^{a b c} Cep p.
33. ^ Anderson pp. 337–338
34. ^ Anderson p. 341
35. ^ ^{a b} Bellafante, Ginia (January xxx, 2006). "Harper Lee, Gregarious for a Solar day". The New York Times . Retrieved August 3, 2008.
36. ^ Lacher, Irene (May 21, 2005). "Harper Lee raises her low profile for a friend". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3, 2017.
37. ^ Anderson p. 242
38. ^ "26 to Be Advisory Board for National Endowment". The New York Times. Jan 28, 1966. Retrieved November 30, 2014. In a parallel development to- day, the President appointed Harper Lee, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning "To Kill a Mockingbird." and Richard Diebenkorn, artist, to the National Council on the Arts.
39. ^ "Newspapers: Spoofing the Despots". Time. January 21, 1966. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
40. ^ Kemp, Kathy (November ten, 2010). "In search of Harper Lee". AL.com.
41. ^ Monroe County Heritage Museums (1999). Monroeville: The Search for Harper Lee's Maycomb. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 21. ISBN978-0-7385-0204-5 . Retrieved June fifteen, 2015.
42. ^ Reynolds, Jennifer (Feb 11, 2015). "Meeting 'Mockingbird' author Harper Lee". Delaware Canton Daily Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved March five, 2015.
43. ^ Nelson, Valerie J. (Baronial 19, 2012). "Veronique Peck dies at 80; Gregory Peck'due south widow was L.A. philanthropist". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September two, 2012.
44. ^ Lacher, Irene (May 21, 2005). "Harper Lee raises her low profile for a friend". Los Angeles Times.
45. ^ "Commencement 2006". Notre Dame Mag . Retrieved Nov 30, 2014.
46. ^ "Harper Lee Writes Rare Particular for O Magazine". The Washington Post. Associated Printing. June 26, 2006.
47. ^ Paraphrase of a well-known American proverb: "Meliorate to remain silent and be thought a fool, than to speak and remove all doubt." The origin of the saying is uncertain; see Quote Investigator, 17 May 2010.
48. ^ "Writer has her say". The Boston World. August 21, 2007.
49. ^ Martin, Virginia (November 5, 2007). "Harper Lee given Presidential Medal of Liberty". The Birmingham News.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harper Lee.

• Harper Lee at the Net Book List
• Harper Lee at IMDb
• Harper Lee collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Harper Lee at Discover a Grave

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Lee

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